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Your guide: Miss AimanThinks the human body is the best-designed machine in the syllabus.
How do we find one animal among millions? We give it an address.
The address has eight levels.
Then meet the kingdoms of Eukarya.
The levels are called taxa (singular: taxon). The order is domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
Phylum: a shared basic body structure. Example: Chordata, animals with a notochord.
Class: Mammalia, with hair and mammary glands. Order: Primates. Family: Hominidae. Genus: Homo. Species: Homo sapiens.
A species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
The book compares three organisms. Human: Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Homo. Sparrow: Animalia, Chordata, Aves, Passeriformes, Passeridae, Passer. Onion: Plantae, Angiosperms, Monocots, Asparagales, Amaryllidaceae, Allium.
Eukarya has four kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. The cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Protista: unicellular, colonial, filamentous or simple multicellular. Groups: protozoa (animal-like, heterotrophs), algae (plant-like, have chlorophyll and cellulose walls), slime and water moulds (fungi-like).
Pathogenic protists in the book: Plasmodium (malaria), Entamoeba histolytica (amoebic dysentery), Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness).
Fungi: heterotrophs with chitin cell walls. They absorb food. Examples: mushrooms, rusts, smuts, moulds. About 100000 species are known.
Fungi groups: Zygomycota (no septa, example Rhizopus), Ascomycota (largest group, septate), Basidiomycota (septate, mushrooms).
Plantae: multicellular, cellulose walls, autotrophs, develop from embryos. Nonvascular plants lack xylem and phloem. Vascular plants have them.
Gymnosperms have naked seeds and cones. No flowers or fruits. Examples: pine, spruce. Angiosperms have seeds inside fruits: monocots (grass, corn) and dicots (rose, sunflower).
Kingdom comparison (book table): cell wall is peptidoglycan in bacteria, chitin in fungi, cellulose in plants, absent in animals.
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How do we find one animal among millions? We give it an address.
The address has eight levels.
Then meet the kingdoms of Eukarya.
The levels are called taxa (singular: taxon). The order is domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
Phylum: a shared basic body structure. Example: Chordata, animals with a notochord.
Class: Mammalia, with hair and mammary glands. Order: Primates. Family: Hominidae. Genus: Homo. Species: Homo sapiens.
A species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
The book compares three organisms. Human: Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Homo. Sparrow: Animalia, Chordata, Aves, Passeriformes, Passeridae, Passer. Onion: Plantae, Angiosperms, Monocots, Asparagales, Amaryllidaceae, Allium.
Eukarya has four kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. The cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Protista: unicellular, colonial, filamentous or simple multicellular. Groups: protozoa (animal-like, heterotrophs), algae (plant-like, have chlorophyll and cellulose walls), slime and water moulds (fungi-like).
Pathogenic protists in the book: Plasmodium (malaria), Entamoeba histolytica (amoebic dysentery), Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness).
Fungi: heterotrophs with chitin cell walls. They absorb food. Examples: mushrooms, rusts, smuts, moulds. About 100000 species are known.
Fungi groups: Zygomycota (no septa, example Rhizopus), Ascomycota (largest group, septate), Basidiomycota (septate, mushrooms).
Plantae: multicellular, cellulose walls, autotrophs, develop from embryos. Nonvascular plants lack xylem and phloem. Vascular plants have them.
Gymnosperms have naked seeds and cones. No flowers or fruits. Examples: pine, spruce. Angiosperms have seeds inside fruits: monocots (grass, corn) and dicots (rose, sunflower).
Kingdom comparison (book table): cell wall is peptidoglycan in bacteria, chitin in fungi, cellulose in plants, absent in animals.
Q1. Book MCQ 3: which kingdom is mostly unicellular, eukaryotic, and autotrophic or heterotrophic?
Protista.
✗ “All fungi are multicellular.”
✓ The book says fungi are unicellular or multicellular. Yeasts are an example of Ascomycota.
1. How many taxonomic levels run from domain to species?
(a) Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
2. The genus of humans is:
(a) Hominidae is the family. Homo is the genus.
3. Fungal cell walls are made of:
(a) Cellulose is for plants.
4. Which plants lack xylem and phloem?
(a) Examples: liverworts, hornworts, mosses.
5. Which kingdom has no cell wall?
(a) The book table: absent in Animalia.
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